According to Erikson, which developmental task is most associated with a toddler who asserts their own will and resists limits?

According to Erikson, which developmental task is most associated with a toddler who asserts their own will and resists limits?

• A. Initiative versus guilt
• B. Trust versus mistrust
• C. Autonomy versus doubt and shame
• D. Industry versus inferiority

Answer: (C)

Autonomy versus doubt and shame is the stage tied to toddlers who want to do things themselves and push against boundaries. In Erikson’s view, around ages 1 to 3, children are learning to act with independence and to control their own actions. When caregivers offer patient guidance and opportunities for small choices, the child gains a sense of autonomy—the belief that they can influence their world. If limits are too rigid or harsh, or consistency is lacking, the child may develop doubt about their abilities and feel shame for their attempts at independence. This balance between exploration and supportive limits helps foster a confident, self-directed sense of self. Trust versus mistrust is the infancy stage centered on whether basic needs are met. Initiative versus guilt belongs to the preschool years, where children start initiating activities and plans. Industry versus inferiority occurs in the school-age years, focusing on building competence.

Autonomy versus doubt and shame is the stage tied to toddlers who want to do things themselves and push against boundaries. In Erikson’s view, around ages 1 to 3, children are learning to act with independence and to control their own actions. When caregivers offer patient guidance and opportunities for small choices, the child gains a sense of autonomy—the belief that they can influence their world. If limits are too rigid or harsh, or consistency is lacking, the child may develop doubt about their abilities and feel shame for their attempts at independence. This balance between exploration and supportive limits helps foster a confident, self-directed sense of self.

Trust versus mistrust is the infancy stage centered on whether basic needs are met. Initiative versus guilt belongs to the preschool years, where children start initiating activities and plans. Industry versus inferiority occurs in the school-age years, focusing on building competence.